TOPOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS IN ADAPTED PATIENTS WITH SILICONE’S HIDROGEL SOFT CONTACT LENSES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15332/us.v13i2.1732Keywords:
Cornea, Corneal changes, Contact lenses, Silicone hydrogel, Computerized corneal topographyAbstract
Objetive: Identify changes in patients tomographic patterns in soft lens wearers silicone hydrogel contact in clinical optometry at the Universidad of Santo Tomás Bucaramanga in 2014.
Methods: A study of experimental quantitative masked randomized clinical trial was conducted in which the analysis of topographic changes of the cornea in patients who have adapted them two types of soft contact lenses silicone hydrogel spherical silvers. For the execution of this study, a composite of ten (10) participants shows, who were asked monitored monthly for 3 months, in which visual acuity, among other things features such as topographic indices were evaluated, is used.
Results: According to the results, it was found that there were no clinically significant changes during the three months of lens wear, because the curvature and corneal thickness remained within the parameters of normality, even though there was a slight thinning and corneal edema.
Conclusions: Although from the beginning some indexes such as the index offset by lifting index vertical asymmetry and asymmetry index elevation was found altered it should be noted that during the study with the use of contact lenses these rates remained the same, in some improved as in the case index by lifting runout.
Downloads
References
IEA, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion Highlight, 2011.
Tighe B. Silicone hydrogels: structure, properties and behaviour. En: Silicone hydrogels continuous-wear contact lenses. British: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. 2004; p. 1 - 25.
REN21, Renewables 2011 Global Status Report, 2011.
Moezzi A, Fonn D, Simpson T, Sorbara L. Contact Lens-Induced Corneal Swelling and Surface Changes Measured with the Orbscan II Corneal Topographer: Optometry and vision science. 2004; 81(3): 189 - 193.
E. Comission,Renewable Energy Technologies en: Long Term Research in the 6th Framework Programme, 2007.
Alba F, Beltrán A, Sanjuan C, Biarnés M, Marín J. Corneal shape changes induced by first and second generation silicone hydrogel contact lenses in daily wear: contact lens & anterior eye. 2009 Apr; 32(2): 88 - 92.
N. Lior, Sustainable neregy development: The present (2009) situation and possible paths to the future, Energy, 35 (2010) 3976-3994.
Young G, Schnider C, Hunt C, Efron S. Corneal Topography and Soft Contact Lens Fit: Optometry and vision science. 2010 May; 87(5): 358 - 66.
F.S. Vargas, C. Guerrero, J. Arango, Tecnologías para el aprovechamiento de los Biocombustibles, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, 2008.
Lin M, Yeh T, Graham A, Truong T, Hsiao C, Wei G, et al. Ocular Surface Health during 30-Day Continuous Wear: Rigid Gas-Permeable versus Silicone Hydrogel Hiper-O2 Transmitted Contact Lenses: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2011 May; 52(6): 3530 - 3538.
J.G. Speight, Synthetic Fuels Handbook. Properties, process and performance, McGraw Hill, 2008.
Tyagi G, Collins M, Read S, Davis B. Regional Changes in Corneal Thickness and Shape with Soft Contact Lenses: Optometry and vision science. 2010 Aug; 87(8): 567 - 575.
M. Parikka, Global biomass fuel resources, Biomass and Bioenergy, 27 (2004) 613-620.
Wilson SE, Lin D, Klyce S, Reidy J, Insler M. Topographic changes in contact lens-induced corneal warpage. Oftalmología. 1990 Jun; 97(6): 734 - 744.
UPME, Análisis y revisión de los objetivos de política energética colombiana de largo plazo y actualización de sus estrategias de desarrollos, 2010.
González JM, González J, Cerviño J, Yebra E y Parafita MA. Changes in Corneal Structure with Continuous Wear of High-Dk Soft Contact Lenses: A Pilot Study. Optom Vis Sci. 2003 Jun; 80(6): 440 - 6.
C. Highman, M.v.d. Burgt, Gasification, Elsevier, 2003.
Lloyd-McKernan A, O’Dwyer V, Mannion LS. The influence of soft contact lens wear and two weeks cessation of lens wear on corneal curvature. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye. 2014; 37(1): 31 - 37.
C.A. Forero, G. Díaz, L.C. Hernández, J.N. Arroyo, F.S. Vargas, Solid Biofuels production from Timber, Coconut and Oil Palm residues bypressing at Universidad Nacional de Colombia, en: The third international environmental best practices conference, Hochschule Offenburg, Offenburg, 2011, pp. 84.
Díaz T, Torres R, Hernández C, Marcoleta R. Resultados topográficos en pacientes portadores de lentes de contacto. Rev Cubana Oftalmol. 2009 jun; 22(1): 1 - 11.
N. Kaliyan, R.V. Morey, Densification of Biomass: Mechanisms, Models and experiments on Briquetting and Pelleting of Biomass, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2008.
I. Obernberger, G. Thek, Physical characterisation and chemical composition of densified biomass fuels with regard to their combustion behaviour, Biomass and Bioenergy, 27 (2004) 653-669.
M. Peksa-Blanchard, P. Dolzan, A. Grassi, J. Heinimo, M. Junginger, T. Ranta, A. Walter, Global Wood Pellets Markets and Industry: Policy drivers, market status and raw material potential, IEA Bioenergy, 2007.
Pelletsa@las, English Handbook for wood pellet combustion, 2009.
J. Vinterbäck, Pellets 2002: the first world conference of pellets, Biomass and Bioenergy, 27 (2004) 513-520.
M. Cocchi,Global wood pellet industry Market and Trade study, IEA Bioenergy, 2011.
G.D. Giacomo, L. Taglieri, Renewable energy benefits with conversion of woody residues to pellets, Energy, 34 (2009) 724-731.
K. Mahapatra, L. Gustavsson, R. Madlener, Bioenergy Innovations: The case of wood pellet system in Sweden, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 19 (2007) 99-125.
M. Selkimäki, B. Mola-Yudego, D. Röser, R. Prinz, L. Sikanen,Present and future trends in pellets markets, raw materials and supply logistics in Sweden and Finland, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (2010) 3068-3075.
H. Lund, The implementation of renewable energy systems. Lessons learned from the Danish case, Energy, 35 (2010) 4003-4009.
M. Stähl, K. Granström, J. Berghel, R. Renström, Industrial processes for biomass drying and their effects on the quality properties of wood pellets, Biomass and Bioenergy, 27 (2004) 621-628.
M. Stähl, J. Berghel, Validation of a mathematical model by studying the effects of recirculation of drying gases, Drying Technology, 26 (2008) 786-792.
Monsanto Chemical Company, Method of Making Pellets,patente US 2436766, Estados Unidos, 1948.
Waste technology transfer Inc, Pelletizing and briquetting of combustible organic-waste materials using binders produced by liquefaction of biomass, patente US 6506223 B2, Estados Unidos, 2003.
Georgia Pacific Corporation, Pelletizing wood, patente US 4612017, Estados Unidos, 1986.
P. Lethikangas, Quality properties of pelletised sawdust, logging residues and bark, Biomass and Bioenergy, 20 (2001) 351-360.
N. Kaliyan, M.R. Vance, Factors affecting stregth and durability of densified biomass products, Biomass and Bioenergy, 33 (2009) 337-359.
N. Kaliyan, R.V. Morey, Constitutive model for densification of corn stoer and switchgrass, Biosystems engineering, 104 (2009) 47 - 63.
P. Adapa, L.T.G. Schoenau, Compression characteristics of selected ground agricultural biomass, en Agricultural Engineering International: The CIGR Ejournal, Manuscript 1347, 2009.
C.A. Forero, E.G. Agular, A. Cediel, F.E. Sierra, Evaluación de los modelos de densificación para combustibles sólidos a partir de mezclas aserrín y carbón mineral a bajas presiones, en: VII Jornada Internacional Ciencia Tecnología y Sociedad, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bogotá Colombia, 2011, pp. 40 - 55.
L. Shang, N. Nielsen, J. Dahl, W. Stelte, Quality effects caused by torrefaction of pellets made from Scots pine, Fuel Processing Technology, 101 (2012), 23-38.
Pelletsa@las, Final report on producers, traders and consumers of wood pellets, 2009.
S. Voulgarakai, A. Balafoutis, G. Papadakis, Development and promotion of a transparent European pellets market: creation of a European real-time pellets atlas. 2009
C. Gilbe, M. Öhman, E. Lindström, D. Boström, R. Backman, S. Robert, J. Burvall, Slagging characteristics during residential combustion of biomass pellets, Energy & Fuels, 22 (2008) 3536- 3543.
M. Olsson, J. Kjällstrand, Emissions from burning of softwood pellets, Biomass and Bioenergy, 27 (2004) 607-611.
H. Wiinika, R. Gebart, The influence of fuel type on particle emissions in combustion of biomass pellets, Combustion Science and Technology, 177 (2010) 741-763.
K. Gröransson, U. Söderlind, J. He, W. Zhang, Review of syngas production via biomass DFBGs, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15 (2010) 482-492.
H. Thunman, F. Niklasson, F. Johnsson, B. Leckner, Composition of volatile gases and thermo chemical properties of wood for modeling of fixed or fluidized beds, Energy & Fuels, 15 (2001) 1488 - 1497.
M. Olsson, J. Kjällstrand, G. Petersson, Specific chimney emissions and biofuel characteristics of softwood pellets for residential heating in Sweden, Biomass and Bioenergy, 24 (2003) 51 - 57.
J. Rath, G. Staudinger,Cracking reactions of tar from pyrolysis of spruce wood, Fuel, 80 (2001) 1379-1389.
C. Erlich, E. Björnbom, D. Bolado, M. Giner, T.H. Fransson, Pyrolysis and gasification of pellets from sugar cane bagasse and wood, Fuel, 85 (2006) 1535-1540.
S.S. Kim, J. Kim, Y.-H. Park, Y.-K. Park, Pyrolysis kinetics and decomposition characteristics of pine trees, Bioresource Technology, 101 (2010) 9797-9802.
P. Wang, L. Jin, J. Liu, S. Zhu, H. Hu, Analysis of coal tar derived from pyrolysis at different atmospheres, Fuel, In Press (2010).
S.M. Andresen, S.T. Pedersen, B. Gobel, N. Houbak, U. Henriksen, Pyrolysis of thermally thick wood particles- experiments and mathematical modelling,en: Proceedings of ECOS 2005, Trondheim Norway, 2005.
M.G. Gronli, M.C. Melaaen, Mathematical model for wood pyrolysis- Comparison of experimental measurements with model predictions, Energy & Fuels, 14 (2000) 791-800.
K.M. Bryden, K.W. Ragland, Numerical modeling of a deep, fixed bed combustor, Energy & Fuels, 10 (1996) 269 - 275.
M. Dogru, C.R. Howarth, G. Akay, B. Keskinler, A.A. Malik, Gasification of hazelnut shells in a downdraft gasifier, Energy, 27 (2002) 415-427.
T.K. Kayal, M. Chakravarty, G.K. Biswas, Mathematical modelling of steady state updraft gasification of jute stick particles of definite sizes packed randomly - an analytical approach, Bioresource Technology, 60 (1997) 131 - 141.
A. Melgar, J.F. Pérez, H. Laget, A. Horillo, Thermochemical equilibrium modelling of a gasficatying process, Energy Conversion and Management, 48 (2007) 59 - 67.
X.T. Li, J.R. Grace, C.J. Lim, A.P. Watkinson, H.P. Chen, J.R. Kim, Biomass gasification in a circulating fluidized bed, Biomass and Bioenergy, 26 (2004) 171 - 193.
C. Mandl, I. Obernberger, F. Biedermann, Modeling of an updraft fixed-bed gasifier operated with softwood pellets, Fuel, 89 (2010) 3795-3806.
B.V. Babu, P.N. Sheth, Modeling and simulation of reduction zone dwondraft biomass gasifier: Effect of char reactivity factor, Energy Conversion and Management, 47 (2006) 2602 - 2611.
M.L.d.S.-. Santos, Solid Fuels Combustion and Gasification. Modeling, Simulation and Equipment Operation, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 2004.
P. Kaushal, J. Abedi, N. Mahinpey, A comprehensive mathematical model for biomass gasification in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor, Fuel, 89 (2010) 3650-3661.
Z. Deng, R. Xiao, B. Jin, H. Huang, L. Shen, Q. Song, Q. Li, Computational fluid dynamics modeling of coal gasification in a pressurized spoutfluid bed, Energy & Fuels, 22 (2008) 1560-1569.
Z.A.B.Z. Alauddin, P. Lahijani, M. Mohammadi, A.R. Mohamed, Gasification of lignocellulosic biomass in fluidized beds for renewable energy development: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14 (2010) 2852-2862.
C. Erlich, T.H. Fransson, Downdraft gasification of pellets made of wood, palm-oil reisudues respective bagasse: Experimental study, Aplied Energy, 88 (2011) 899-908.
W. Klose, M. Wölki, On the intrinsic reaction rate of biomass char gasification with carbon dioxide and steam, Fuel, 84 (2005) 885-892.
J. Cooper, W.L.H. Halleth, A numerical model for packed-bed combustion of char particles, Chemical Engineering Science, 55 (2000) 4451 -4460.
C.D. Blasi, G. Signorelli, G. Portoricco, Countercurrent fixed-bed gasification of Biomass at laboratory scale, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 38 (1999) 2571-2581.
M.U. Ghani, P.T. Radulovic, S.L. Douglas, An improved model for fixed-bed coal combustion and gasification: sensitivity analysis and applications, Fuel, 75 (1996) 1213-1226.
M. Puig-Arnavat, C.J. Bruno, A. Coronas, Review and analysis of biomass gasification models, Reneainable Energy Reviews, 14 (2010) 2841- 2851.
