Impacto del aclaramiento en los tejidos dentales y materiales restauradores estéticos: una revisión narrativa actualizada
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15332/us.v24i1.3298Palabras clave:
Blanqueamiento de dientes, Diente, Materiales dentales, RevisiónResumen
Objetivo: Presentar una revisión narrativa actualizada sobre el impacto del aclaramiento en tejidos dentales y materiales restauradores estéticos. Materiales y métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas no sistemáticas en PubMed y EbscoHost, complementadas con literatura gris (ResearchGate y Google Académico). Se seleccionaron artículos, predominantemente in vitro, en idioma inglés, publicados principalmente entre 2015 y 2025, priorizando su pertinencia científica. Los artículos abordaron el impacto del aclaramiento en esmalte, dentina, cemento radicular, pulpa, cementos de ionómero de vidrio (CIV), resinas compuestas y cerámicas. Resultados: En esmalte, se reportó reducción de la dureza, contenido mineral-proteico y aumento de rugosidad. En dentina, hubo disminución en dureza, resistencia a la fractura y fluorescencia; asimismo, existe evidencia limitada sobre el incremento del diámetro tubular, actividad proteolítica y degradación colágena. En cemento radicular, aunque los efectos negativos son descritos, la evidencia es reducida A nivel pulpar, se generaron respuestas inflamatorias y reducción de la viabilidad celular. Los CIV mostraron alta susceptibilidad a alteraciones micromecánicas y ópticas después del aclaramiento. Por otra parte, el impacto sobre resinas compuestas y cerámicas es controversial en muchos aspectos. Las resinas compuestas fresadas expuestas a materiales clareadores parecen mostrar una estabilidad superior a las convencionales pero se requieren futuros estudios para confirmar dichos hallazgos. Conclusión: Los materiales de aclaramiento dental, especialmente en altas concentraciones y usados de manera excesiva, pueden inducir efectos negativos en los tejidos dentales y materiales restauradores, siendo los CIV altamente vulnerables. Las resinas compuestas fresadas parecen ser más resistentes a los efectos deletéreos, pero futuras investigaciones son necesarias.
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