Location of solar panels to the medium voltage direct current distribution network considering DC loads
Keywords:
Bess, renewable energy, state of the art, MVDC, electric vehicles
Abstract
The penetration of renewable energies of Direct Current (DC) to the Distribution Network of Direct Current of Medium Voltage (MVDC) is already a reality. Therefore, extensive planning is required for its location in the electrical network. The implementation of this energy brings great advantages to the system since it contributes to the reduction of losses, improvement of the voltage profile, greater reliability in the system since there is generation of the photovoltaic system installed and of the distribution company. This article was carried out through a bibliographic review of the bases IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis and related academic knowledge, identifying several positive and negative aspects of this new reality of renewable energy, in the same way it was analyzed the Energy Storage System (BESS) and the impact of Electric Vehicles (EV) on distribution networks.
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References
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[39] J. Y. Yong, V. K. Ramachandaramurthy, K. M. Tan, and N. Mithulananthan, “Bi-directional electric vehicle fast charging station with novel reactive power compensation for voltage regulation,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 64, pp. 300–310, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.07.025.
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[2] Q. Qi, C. Long, J. Wu, and J. Yu, “Impacts of a medium voltage direct current link on the performance of electrical distribution networks,” Appl. Energy, vol. 230, no. February, pp. 175–188, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.077.
[3] P. García-Triviño, J. P. Torreglosa, L. M. Fernández-Ramírez, and F. Jurado, “Control and operation of power sources in a medium-voltage direct-current microgrid for an electric vehicle fast charging station with a photovoltaic and a battery energy storage system,” Energy, vol. 115, pp. 38–48, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.099.
[4] S. Xiong and S. C. Tan, “Cascaded high-voltage-gain bidirectional switched-capacitor DC-DC converters for distributed energy resources applications,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 1220–1231, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2552380.
[5] Y. Zhuang, F. Liu, Y. Huang, X. Zhang, and X. Zha, “A Voltage-Balancer-Based Cascaded DC-DC Converter with a Novel Power Feedforward Control for the Medium-Voltage DC Grid Interface of Photovoltaic Systems,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 178094–178107, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2959040.
[6] Y. Che, W. Li, X. Li, J. Zhou, S. Li, and X. Xi, “An improved coordinated control strategy for PV system integration with VSC-MVDC technology,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 10, 2017, doi: 10.3390/en10101670.
[7] M. Islam, A. Omole, A. Islam, and A. Domijan, “Asynchronous interconnection of large-scale photovoltaic plants: Site selection considerations,” Int. J. Sustain. Energy, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 273–283, 2014, doi: 10.1080/14786451.2012.697464.
[8] X. Li, M. Zhu, M. Su, J. Ma, Y. Li, and X. Cai, “Input-Independent and Output-Series Connected Modular DC-DC Converter with Intermodule Power Balancing Units for MVdc Integration of Distributed PV,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 1622–1636, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2924043.
[9] S. Xiong and S. C. Tan, “Cascaded high-voltage-gain bidirectional switched-capacitor DC-DC converters for distributed energy resources applications,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 1220–1231, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2552380.
[10] Y. Zhuang, F. Liu, Y. Huang, X. Zhang, and X. Zha, “A Voltage-Balancer-Based Cascaded DC-DC Converter with a Novel Power Feedforward Control for the Medium-Voltage DC Grid Interface of Photovoltaic Systems,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 178094–178107, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2959040.
[11] Y. Che, W. Li, X. Li, J. Zhou, S. Li, and X. Xi, “An improved coordinated control strategy for PV system integration with VSC-MVDC technology,” Energies, vol. 10, no. 10, 2017, doi: 10.3390/en10101670.
[12] M. Islam, A. Omole, A. Islam, and A. Domijan, “Asynchronous interconnection of large-scale photovoltaic plants: Site selection considerations,” Int. J. Sustain. Energy, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 273–283, 2014, doi: 10.1080/14786451.2012.697464.
[13] X. Huang, L. Qi, and J. Pan, “A New Protection Scheme for MMC-Based MVdc Distribution Systems with Complete Converter Fault Current Handling Capability,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 4515–4523, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2019.2917360.
[14] L. L. Qi, A. Antoniazzi, L. Raciti, and D. Leoni, “Design of Solid-State Circuit Breaker-Based Protection for DC Shipboard Power Systems,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 260–268, 2017, doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2016.2633223.
[15] Z. Wu, Y. Hu, J. X. Wen, F. Zhou, and X. Ye, “A Review for Solar Panel Fire Accident Prevention in Large-Scale PV Applications,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, no. i, pp. 132466–132480, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3010212.
[16] J. Zhang, M. Cui, H. Fang, and Y. He, “Two Novel Load Balancing Platforms Using Common DC Buses,” vol. 3029, no. c, pp. 1–9, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2017.2769471.
[17] H. Chin, “A Current Index Based Load Balance Technique for Distribution Systems,” 1998.
[18] R. Ben Mansour, M. A. M. Khan, F. A. Alsulaiman, and R. Ben Mansour, “Optimizing the solar PV tilt angle to maximize the power output: A case study for Saudi Arabia,” IEEE Access, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3052933.
[19] J. Driesen and R. Belmans, “Distributed Generation : Challenges and Possible Solutions,” pp. 1–8, 2006.
[20] A. T. Davda and B. R. Parekh, “System Impact Analysis of Renewable Distributed Generation on an Existing Radial Distribution Network,” pp. 128–132, 2012.
[21] Z. Bradáč, F. Zezulka, P. Marcoň, Z. Szabó, and K. Stibor, “Stabilisation of low voltage distribution networks with renewable energy sources,” IFAC Proc. Vol., vol. 12, no. PART 1, pp. 455–460, 2013.
[22] A. Ulbig and G. Andersson, “Analyzing operational flexibility of electric power systems,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 72, pp. 155– 164, 2015.
[23] L. A. Zafoschnig, S. Nold, and J. C. Goldschmidt, “The Race for Lowest Costs of Electricity Production: Techno-Economic Analysis of Silicon, Perovskite and Tandem Solar Cells,” IEEE J. Photovoltaics, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1632–1641, 2020, doi: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.3024739.
[24] P. K. Sahu and M. D. Manjrekar, “Controller design and implementation of solar panel companion inverters,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 2001–2011, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.2965867.
[25] B. Jasim and P. Taheri, “An Origami-Based Portable Solar Panel System,” 2018 IEEE 9th Annu. Inf. Technol. Electron. Mob. Commun. Conf. IEMCON 2018, no. 1, pp. 199–203, 2019, doi: 10.1109/IEMCON.2018.8614997.
[26] S. Seme, N. Lukač, B. Štumberger, and M. Hadžiselimović, “Power quality experimental analysis of gridconnected photovoltaic systems 18 in urban distribution networks,” Energy, vol. 139, pp. 1261– 1266, 2017.
[27] E. A. Portilla-Flores et al., “Enhancing the Harmony Search Algorithm Performance on Constrained Numerical Optimization,” IEEE Access, vol. 3536, no. c, pp. 1–21, 2017.
[28] C. Cobos, J. Pérez, and D. Estupiñan, “Una revisión de la búsqueda armónica A survey of harmony search,” vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1–14, 2011.
[29] E. Cuevas and N. OrtegaSánchez, “El algoritmo de búsqueda armónica y sus usos en el procesamiento digital de imágenes,” Comput. y Sist., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 543–560, 2013.
[30] G. Bathurst, G. Hwang, and L. Tejwani, “MVDC-the new technology for distribution networks,” IET Semin. Dig., vol. 2015, no. CP654, pp. 1–5, 2015, doi: 10.1049/cp.2015.0037.
[31] H. Yang, H. Lin, and Z. Q. Zhu, “Recent advances in variable flux memory machines for traction applications: A review,” CES Trans. Electr. Mach. Syst., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 34–50, 2020, doi: 10.23919/tems.2018.8326450.
[32] A. Emadi, A. Khaligh, C. H. Rivetta, and G. A. Williamson, “Constant power loads and negative impedance instability in automotive systems: Definition, modeling, stability, and control of power electronic converters and motor drives,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 1112–1125, 2006, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2006.877483.
[33] D. Yin and Y. Hori, “Traction control for EV based on maximum transmissible torque estimation,” Int. J. Intell. Transp. Syst. Res., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2010, doi: 10.1007/s13177-009-0005-x.
[34] Y. Sun, H. Yue, J. Zhang, and C. Booth, “Minimization of Residential Energy Cost Considering Energy Storage System and EV with Driving Usage Probabilities,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1752–1763, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2018.2870561.
[35] B. Gao, L. Guo, Q. Zheng, B. Huang, and H. Chen, “Acceleration speed optimization of intelligent EVs in consideration of battery aging,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 8009–8018, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2018.2840531.
[36] A. Lucas, F. Bonavitacola, E. Kotsakis, and G. Fulli, “Grid harmonic impact of multiple electric vehicle fast charging,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 127, pp. 13–21, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2015.05.012.
[37] H. J. Raherimihaja, Q. Zhang, G. Xu, and X. Zhang, “Integration of Battery Charging Process for EVs into Segmented Three-Phase Motor Drive with V2G-Mode Capability,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 68, no. 4, pp. 2834–2844, 2021, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2020.2978684.
[38] L. Zhou, Y. Zhang, X. Lin, C. Li, Z. Cai, and P. Yang, “Optimal sizing of PV and bess for a smart household considering different price mechanisms,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, no. c, pp. 41050–41059, 2018, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2845900.
[39] J. Y. Yong, V. K. Ramachandaramurthy, K. M. Tan, and N. Mithulananthan, “Bi-directional electric vehicle fast charging station with novel reactive power compensation for voltage regulation,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 64, pp. 300–310, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.07.025.
[40] C. H. Dharmakeerthi, N. Mithulananthan, and T. K. Saha, “Impact of electric vehicle fast charging on power system voltage stability,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 57, pp. 241–249, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.12.005.
[41] C. D. M. Affonso and M. Kezunovic, “Technical and economic impact of pv-bess charging station on transformer life: A case study,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 4683–4692, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2018.2866938.
[42] Y. Yoo, G. Jang, and S. Jung, “A Study on Sizing of Substation for PV with Optimized Operation of BESS,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 214577–214585, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3040646.
[43] S. Yoon, K. Park, and E. Hwang, “Connected electric vehicles for flexible vehicle-To-grid (V2G) services,” Int. Conf. Inf. Netw., pp. 411–413, 2017, doi: 10.1109/ICOIN.2017.7899469.
[44] J. Iria, M. Heleno, and G. Candoso, “Optimal sizing and placement of energy storage systems and on-load tap changer transformers in distribution networks,” Appl. Energy, vol. 250, no. May, pp. 1147–1157, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.120.
[45] R. Li, W. Wang, and M. Xia, “Cooperative Planning of Active Distribution System with Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, no. c, pp. 5916–5926, 2017, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2785263.
[46] J. Su, T. T. Lie, and R. Zamora, “Integration of Electric Vehicles in Distribution Network Considering Dynamic Power Imbalance Issue,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 5913–5923, 2020, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2020.2990106.
[47] E. Xydas, C. Marmaras, and L. M. Cipcigan, “A multi-agent based scheduling algorithm for adaptive electric vehicles charging,” Appl. Energy, vol. 177, pp. 354–365, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.05.034
Published
2021-07-01
How to Cite
Pilatasig Minchala, E., & Valenzuela Santillán, A. (2021). Location of solar panels to the medium voltage direct current distribution network considering DC loads. ITECKNE, 18(2), 132-140. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15332/iteckne.v18i2.2563
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Research and Innovation Articles
